Метро

[Пyмяyx**]

Тель-Авив

[Roberto]

Пум, честно говоря, сколько живу в Израиле, метро собирались строить уже не один год.
Даже не верится, что что-то началось.

[Пyмяyx**]

Петербургское метро в картинках от Ильи Тихомирова






















Nikdoge
Цитата Сообщения: 167Зарегистрирован: 12 мар 2014, 18:04Откуда: Санкт-Петербургid ВКонтакте: 0Станция метро: Ленинский ПроспектПункты репутации: 14

[Пихта]

Самый глубокий, самый красивый, самый северный и самый западный метрополитен в России находится в Петербурге. 6 интересных фактов о нем.

1. Строитель Дороги Жизни и первые станции метро

Иван Зубков (без которого не было бы Дороги жизни) до войны возглавлял Строительство №5 Наркомата путей сообщения, будущий Метрострой. Он участвовал в проектировании и создании заделов для будущих станций первой очереди первой линии Ленинградского метрополитена: от "Автово" до "Площади Восстания". Из-за начала войны строительство пришлось прервать, возобновилось оно только в 1946 году, но уже без Зубкова: строитель Дороги жизни погиб в авиакатастрофе за два года до этого.

2. Размывы и аварии

Строительство метро в Ленинграде постоянно сопровождалось столкновениями с подземными водами и крупными авариями, из-за которых не удавалось построить целые станции, удлинялись перегоны, закрывалось движение, усложнялось строительство. Самый знаменитый размыв случился между "Площадью Мужества" и "Лесной" в 1995 году, но все началось еще раньше: первое столкновение с подземными водами на этом участке случилось еще при строительстве перегона в 1974 году. Тогда из-за подземных вод пришлось создавать обходные пути и укреплять тоннели, а на земле в итоге обрушилось несколько зданий

Через 12 лет про эту историю даже снимут фильм "Прорыв", где директора Метростроя играет постаревший Олег Быков: там же один из героев предлагает замораживать тоннели жидким азотом (новинка по тем временам), так они и сделали. Это был первый подобный случай в мировой практике. Другой герой фильма вспоминал аварию при строительстве метро "Автово". Правда, в реальности там были не снаряды и бомбы времен Великой отечественной, а воды речки Красненькой. Тогда тоннель удалось укрепить, но в итоге станцию пришлось ремонтировать в конце нулевых.

3. Парк Победы, крематорий и горизонтальный лифт

Во время войны на территории будущего Московского парка победы находился крематорий, где производилось самое массовое в мире сожжение трупов. Осенью 1945 года тут заложили Парк победы, а потом и одноименную станцию метро. Вместо строительства традиционного зала с массивными колоннами там было решено опробовать новый тип вестибюля, получившего название "горизонтального лифта": таким образом не нужно было отдельно строить вестибюль на платформе (тоннель все равно скрыт от пассажиров), повышалась безопасность и уменьшалась стоимость строительства станции.

"Парк Победы" был открыт 29 апреля 1961 года. В мировой практике это был первый случай строительства станции с "горизонтальным лифтом". Всего в Ленинграде было построено десять таких станций. Последней стала "Звездная", открытая в 1972 году. Тогда уже выяснили, что эксплуатация "горизонтальных лифтов" слишком дорога, для них нужны отдельные поезда со специально обученными машинистами (которые и сейчас получают прибавку к зарплате, если возят людей по линиям с "лифтами"). В итоге на смену станциям закрытого типа пришли односводчатые (вроде "Площади Мужества" или "Пионерской"). Сейчас власти Петербурга в какой-то мере решили вернуться к идее "горизонтального лифта", обязав все новые станции оборудовать прозрачными стенами с дверями, как в парижском метрополитене. Но былого шарма у этого новодела, скорее всего, уже не будет. Увы.

4. Станции, которые так и не появились

Перспективный план развития метрополитена переделывают раз в пять лет. Кое-где это связано с изменениями в потребностях города, кое-где - со сложной геологической обстановкой.

Например, когда проектировали Московско-Петроградскую ("синюю") линию, то была задумана станция в районе Марсова поля. Но в итоге выяснилось, что там не только нельзя что-либо построить, но и необходимо увести пути глубоко вниз. Так появились так называемые "американские горки" в петербургском метрополитене, один из самых крутых спусков, который обычные пассажиры не замечают исключительно из-за мастерства машиниста, который правильно меняет скорость. Именно из-за геологии до сих пор нет ни одной станции метро в районе Пискаревского проспекта и шоссе Революции.

И именно из-за размывов и подземных вод поезд между "Московской" и "Звездной" идет так долго. Хотя ходят легенды, что именно там находится некий подземный город. Откуда он там взялся и зачем, не знает никто.

Станций "Адмиралтейская" должно было быть две. Вторую - на Невско-Василеостровской линии - сейчас не представляется возможным построить. Во-первых, потому что для этого придется останавливать движение на всем участке, во-вторых, потому что нельзя найти место для второго выхода (а по закону у каждой станции, даже в месте пересадки, он должен быть).

Не появились станции и на пересечении Литейного с Невским, на Большом проспекте, Светлановской площади, а также между "Площадью Александра Невского" и "Елизаровской" (самый длинный перегон).
Станции-призраки и станции-мертвецы

"Станциями-призраками" обычно называют еще не открытые на уже работающем участке. Таковой была долгое время "Адмиралтейская". Она является самой глубокой в России (89 метров), и место для ее верхнего вестибюля искали очень долго. И, пока шли поиски и строительство, пассажиры поездов, следовавших от "Садовой" до "Спортивной" видели полутемный зал. Такой же долгое время была и станция "Обводный Канал", для которой вестибюль строили слишком долго.

Есть в Петербурге и станция-мертвец. С 1966 по 1977 год конечной на Кировско-Выборгской линии являлась станция "Дачное". Она была единственной наземной открытой станцией в городе - климат появлению подобных строений не очень способствовал - и изначально являлась временным сооружением, пока к юго-западу от нее строили вестибюли "Ленинского проспекта" и "Проспекта Ветеранов". В 13:00 5 октября 1977 года из "Дачного" ушел последний поезд, вскоре тут разобрали пути, часть вестибюля, а оставшуюся кирпичную коробку сейчас занимает МРЭО ГИБДД.

5. Маленькая Москва

Московский метрополитен не такой глубокий, как петербургский, и большинство его станций, построенных в 1960 - 1970-е - это колонные неглубокого заложения. В народе их прозвали "сороконожками". Это дети хрущевского постановления о борьбе с излишествами в архитектуре. С целью экономии средств на месте пышных ампирных колоннад с лепниной и сказочными панно появились аккуратные залы немарких цветов с длинными рядами геометрически правильных колонн. Некоторые московские станции настолько похожи друг на друга, что их постоянно путают.

Но в Петербурге тоже есть три по-настоящему московские станции. Богато укращенная "Автово" без эскалатора, находящаяся в районе, сплошь застроенном сталинским ампиром. Прямо как в Москве. А также "Ленинский Проспект" и "Проспект Ветеранов", такие же московского типа "сороконожки" с множеством выходов и без вестибюлей.

6. Сталин и Пушкин

Так как ленинградский метрополитен проектировали еще при Сталине, то все станции первой линии должны были быть снабжены его портретами. Потом вождь умер, началась медленная борьба с культом личности и портреты убрали (из-за чего некоторые вестибюли кажутся немного незавершенными). Осталось только небольшое изображение Сталина на "Площади Восстания".

Зато Пушкин стал единственным (после Ленина) историческим героем, которому в Петербурге стоят сразу два памятника на станциях метро. Оба - работы Аникушина. Тот, что на "Пушкинской" - молодой поэт в пиджачке, тот, что на "Черной Речке" - уже зрелый литератор, который, по задумке скульптора, "как бы ждет гостей на бал".

[Пyмяyx**]

[Пyмяyx**]

A guide to the fifty most beautiful subway systems in the world. With star rating. Subways need not be boring or dreary! On the contrary, many operators of metros, subways or underground railways want to attract passengers with good station design. This often means extra effort and cost for the metro operators, but it seems to pay off when a metro is more than just a means of transport but something the residents can be proud of. See below which subway system is a Unesco World Heritage site, which subway lines double as the world's longest art galleries, or in which networks you can find stunning baroque-style underground palaces, museums, aquariums, comical statues, grand architecture from art-deco to modernist to futuristic... or just passenger-friendly and beautiful underground stations. Do you like to spend your waiting time standing in a smelly narrow box with tons of advertising posters on grimy tiled walls? Most subway systems tend to be filthy and rather dull from an aesthetic point of view. But there are cities that explicitly foster arts and/or good architecture in subways. The photos in the list below are examples from those cities. The list includes: Metro systems consistently designed to have user-friendly and good looking architecture, consequently with most stations looking similar (examples: Bilbao, Washington). Stations of standardized architecture but with distinct interior designs of good quality (examples: Munich, Prague). Lines with unique and interesting stations by different architects (examples: London Jubilee Line extension, Tokyo Oedo Line). The most spectacular metros in former socialist countries, originally designed as 'palaces for the people', using valuable materials (examples: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Tashkent). Metros with noteworthy collections of public art in the stations (examples: Brussels, Montreal, Stockholm). Works of art or sophisticated architecture can be delightful, inspiring and thought-provoking for daily commuters as well as an attraction for visitors. Distinctive colour schemes and works of art help passengers for orientation, especially, but not only, in countries with a high level of illiteracy. Furthermore, there is evidence that vandalism diminishes in appealing stations because works of art and good designs are widely respected. The star rating in this list takes into account the appearance of the best stations of the metro system, the overall quality, and the effort of its operator to provide beautiful and passenger-friendly stations. The asterisks can also be interpreted in a way some travel guide books use them: Interesting Worth a detour Worth a journey A word about the photos: Each city is represented by one to three images. They are showing examples of good station design, possibly the best stations in that city. If there's more than one photo, they are ordered chronologically and meant as a humble attempt to show the diversity of styles found. The photos have been picked to show excellence, so they do not necessarily indicate the average appearance of a metro system. So here's a selection of about fifty remarkable metro and light rail systems, which is less than a third of all existing systems. More information can be obtained by following the external links provided in each city section below. *Almaty, **Athens, *Barcelona, **Berlin, **Bilbao, **Brussels, *Budapest, **Dubai, *Duesseldorf, *Frankfurt, *Genoa, *Hamburg, *Hanover, *Hong Kong, **Kaohsiung, **Kazan, *Kharkov, **Kiev, **Lille, **Lisbon, **London, *Los Angeles, *Lyon, *Madrid, *Minsk, **Montreal, ***Moscow, **Munich, **Naples, *Newcastle, *New York, **Oporto, ***Paris, *Perugia, *Portland, **Prague, *Pyongyang, *Rhine-Ruhr, *Rio de Janeiro, *Rotterdam, ***Saint Petersburg, **Santiago de Chile, *Sao Paulo, *Shanghai, *Singapore, ***Stockholm, *Suzhou, **Tashkent, **Tehran, *Tokyo, *Toronto, **Toulouse, *Valencia, *Vancouver, **Vienna, **Washington, *Xi'an. A few more beautiful stations can be found on the One-Hit Wonders page which lists cities that have one or only a few of them. Do you know of other cities which should be added or want to argue about the rating? Please go to the Metro Bits Forum. Last update to this page: 25 March 2016 (Duesseldorf added).
	Almaty After 23 years of construction, the metro in the largest city of Kazakhstan opened and turned out to be of good aesthetic quality. Apparently in the tradition of the gorgeous Soviet metro systems, many stations have walls and floors of polished natural stone. Photo [almatymetro.kz]: Concourse of Zhibek Zholy station (opened in 2011), marble floor ornamented like an Oriental rug.
	Athens There are works of art or interesting archeological exhibits in several of the metro stations. Some of the newer stations have even been turned into downright museums [tourtripgreece.gr], [ametro.gr]. Photo [untergrundbahnen.de]: The large upper concourse hall of Syntagma station (opened in the year 2000) with its murals and lots of archaeological displays.
	Photo: Replica of Parthenon friezes in the entrance hall of Akropoli station, which has been opened in 2000.
	Photo [untergrundbahnen.de]: Ethniki Amyna station (line L3), opened in the year 2000, with the art installation Underground Park by Kostas Tsoklis.
	Barcelona The new lines L9 and L10 boast some interesting stations. Throughout the network, there are more occasional noteworthy stations like La Pau on Line 2. Photo [DavoR, urbanrail.net]: Fondo station from 2010 on Line 9. More Barcelona photos...
	Berlin The Swedish architect Alfred Grenander has designed more than seventy underground and elevated station buildings in Berlin. His style evolved from Decorative to Modernist between 1902 and 1930 [untergrundbahn.de], [berliner-untergrundbahn.de]. Photo: Refurbished entrance building of Wittenbergplatz station, built in 1913 by Alfred Grenander.
	The co-financing of the U-Bahn line to Dahlem (called U3 today) by the posh district of Wilmersdorf facilitated a prestigious architecture in some stations. Photo [Daniel Erler, absence-of-fear.de]: Heidelberger Platz station from 1913 by Wilhelm Leitgebel.
	Most of the newer stations in Berlin are by Rainer G. Rümmler. Designs range from 1960s Minimalist style and colourful 1970s Pop Art design to Postmodernism. Photo [u-bahnbilder.de]: Postmodernist-style Rathaus Spandau station from 1984 by Rainer G. Rümmler. More Berlin photos...
	Bilbao Most new stations have been designed by Sir Norman Foster in 1995. The underground stations have striking roofed glass entrances. They are nicknamed 'fosteritos' after the architect and shelter escalators or stairways [arcspace.com], [metrobilbao.net], [urbanrail.fotopic.net]. The corporate logo as well as the Rotis typeface, which is used for all signs and paperwork, are by Otl Aicher, 1989 [metrobilbao.net]. Photo: A fosterito at Abando station.
	Foster about his spacious concrete vaults: "A tunnel dug by man through earth and rock is a very special place. Its shape is a reaction to the forces of nature and the texture of its construction bears the seal of man. This must be respected, not covered up to make the place look like any other building. One must be able to feel being underground, and make it a good, special experience" (quoted from Metro Bilbao's Touristic Guide Map). Photo: Barakaldo station built in 2002. More Bilbao photos...
	Brussels The city encourages art in all metro stations [bsubway], [stib.irisnet.be]. Photo [C.A.I.D.]: Art installation with flying figures by Paul van Hoeydonck in Comte de Flandre station.
	Photo [stib.irisnet.be]: "De Odyssee" sculpture by Martin Guyaux in Kruidtuin station. More Brussels photos...
	Budapest Hungary's capital boasts the first subway on the European continent. Line 1 (also known as 'Földalatti' or the Millennium Underground) was built in 1896 and added to Budapest's UNESCO World Heritage entry in 2002 [unesco.org]. Old stations have been beautifully restored and some of the modern stations on the other lines are also worth a look. Photo [natureblink.com]: Hösök Tere station, built in 1896.
	Dubai The elevated and at-grade Dubai Metro stations combine both heritage and modern designs. They have been modelled on the shape of seashell, inspired from the diving and pearl-fishing heritage of the UAE, while the interior design depicts the four elements of nature – water, air, earth and fire. [FlashyDubai.com] Photo [momentaryawe.com, flickr.com]: Mall of the Emirates station.
	Conceptual design of some stations includes traditional architectural ingredients used in antique Arab buildings such as wind towers, oriels, alleyways or internal arches. Photo [Imre Solt, imresolt.com]: Al Jafiliya station.
	Photo [Nepenthes, wikipedia.org]: Khalid Bin Al Waleed transfer station with its blue interior and jellyfish-shaped chandeliers.
	Duesseldorf The 3.4 km underground Wehrhahn Line (U71, U72, U73, U83), crossing the city centre since 2016, was conceptualized to be an "art parcours" after an international architectural competition. All six stations are designed by six different artists who all have graduated from the Duesseldorf Arts Academy. [wz.de]. Photo [wdr.de]: Schadowstrasse station of 2016 by Ursula Damm: Street-level cameras and sensors, detecting movements of the passers-by above, are being computed into psychedelic animations on large LED screens on the platform walls.
	The subway tunnel between the stations of the Wehrhahn Line, itself snaking through the city centre, is, consequently, tiled in a snake-skin pattern, a concept being called "continuum". The municipality has invested three million euros for the art projects in the ad-free stations on the Wehrhahn Line. To counteract vandalism, a dedicated cleaning concept has been developed. Photo [Thomas Stricker, theguardian.com]: Benrather Strasse station of 2016 by Thomas Stricker: Video screens, like panoramic windows of a space ship, show 90 minutes of galactic scenes in 3D animations. With the stainless steel interior, video screens and inclined pillars, the artist intended the station to open a "window to infinity".
	Frankfurt A weird subway entrance, looking like a train bursting through the sidewalk from below, is located in Frankfurt. Architect Zbiginiew Peter Pininski reported he felt inspired by surrealist artist René Magritte when creating it [neuer-weg.com]. Some other stations have interesting designs as well [vgf-ffm.de (PDF)]. Photo: Bockenheimer Warte station entrance from 1986. More Frankfurt photos...
	Genoa The elevated and underground stations of this small Italian metro system have been designed by the world-famous, Genoa-born architect Renzo Piano in 1983 [materia.it]. Photo: Brin station, which was opened in 1990. More Genoa photos...
	Hamburg After decades of ignoring design aspects and thoughtlessly polluting station interiors with giant advertising billboards, there's evidence that metro operator HHA is gradually rediscovering the value of its architectural heritage and developing fresh ideas. Photo: Klosterstern station from 1929 on line U1, accurately restored in 1986 back to its original style.
	Some historic stations have been preserved, and a few featureless stations have recently been transformed into spaces with interesting design and less advertising [100-jahre-hochbahn.de]. Photo: St. Pauli station from 1912. Since 1999, a deconstructivist glass roof contrasts with the historic sandstone entrance and shelters it from weather influences. The historic design at platform level has not been preserved, however. More Hamburg photos...
	Hanover Metro tram operator Uestra has invited world-famous designers and architects to enhance the looks of the system: the 'Busstops' art project of 1992 resulted in nine remarkable bus and tram stops at street level [uestra.de (PDF)]. Jasper Morrison has designed new trains in 1997, and Uestra's headquarters is a twisted cuboid by Frank O. Gehry. Photo: Kröpcke station from 1975, once dreary, was completely refurbished in 2000 with designs by Massimo Iosa Ghini. More Hanover photos...
	Hong Kong Metro art is not too obvious in Hong Kong, but MTR's Art in Stations initiative brings works of art into the stations since 1998. There's an Open Gallery project on the Island Line and in many of Hong Kong's metro stations, live performances and art exhibitions take place [mtr.com.hk]. Photo: Upper platform level of Tsing Yi station with the huge yet inconspicious 'Birds of a Feather' installation by Neil Dawson. More Hong Kong photos...
	Kaohsiung The second largest city in Taiwan got a modern MRT system in 2008. There's some interesting architecture found in the stations and station entrances. Photo [Hiroshiken, flickr.com]: Entrance of Central Park station on the Red Line by Richard Rogers, 2008.
	Photo [Hiroshiken, flickr.com]: One of four symmetrically arranged entrance structures at Formosa Boulevard station in Kaohsiung.
	Metro operator KRTC is also taking public art in metro stations seriously [krtco.com.tw]. Kaohsiung International Airport station bears a glass artwork by artist Lutz Haufschild. Photo [Hiroshiken, flickr.com]: Formosa Boulevard station with its huge Dome of Light by artist Narcissus Quagliata.
	Kazan The metro in Kazan was the first one newly built in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. So far, it has a handful of stations only, but all of them are spectacular. Extensions are on the way. Photo [Parovoza; skyscrapercity.com]: Kremlyovskaya station from 2005.
	Photo [skyscrapercity.com]: Prospekt Pobedy ('Victory Avenue') station from 2008.
	Kharkov The metro in Ukraine's second largest city was inaugurated in 1975 and consists of about 30 stations, many of them with interesting architecture and lighting and built with materials like marble and granite. Photo [Alexei Bobko, urbanrail.fotopic.net]: Sovetskoj Armii station from 1978.
	Kiev The capital of the Ukraine boasts a spectacular metro with three lines and stations similar to other cities in the former Soviet Union [metro.kiev.ua], [urbanrail.fotopic.net]. Photo [Daniel Erler, absence-of-fear.de]: Platform level of Zoloti Vorota (Golden Gate) station.
	Kiev's stations are diverse in design. Apart from those in traditional soviet-style magnificence there are a couple of rather futuristic ones. Photo [metropoliten.kiev.ua]: Platform level of Pecherskaya station.
	Lille Since 1983 this city in Northern France has its VAL metro which is the world's most extensive driverless metro system. Many of the elevated stations are remarkable buildings. Photo: Porte de Valenciennes station.
	All metro stations in Lille are designed distinctly and come in a wide variety of architectural shapes. Most of the stations are underground. Many works of art can be found in Lille's VAL system, including sculptures and murals. Photo: Platform level of Gare Lille Europe station with huge murals and a reflecting pool.
	Building materials include different kinds of natural stone, stainless steel, wood, bricks or tiles. In one station (Montebello), live fish in aquariums at platform level provide an interesting distraction for waiting passengers. Photo: Platform level of Montebello station with aquariums on the walls and wooden parquet flooring. More Lille photos...
	Lisbon Works of contemporary art have been included in all metro stations [metrolisboa.pt 1]. Often are Portuguese tiles involved in some way [metrolisboa.pt 2]. Photo [David Pirman, nycsubway.org]: Platform level of Olaias station, which has been designed by the architect Tomás Taveira and a group of artists.
	Some stations in Lisbon are dedicated to themes. Parque station symbolizes the achievements of the Portuguese discoverers [inscrire.com]. Photo [unknown origin]: Parque station from 1994 on the Blue Line.
	Cabo Ruivo station in Lisbon looks like a space station with its skeleton-like arches. The wall decoration, in contrast, resembles caveman paintings. Photo [unknown origin]: The walls above the platform of Cabo Ruivo station on the Red Line.
	London London's Underground ('tube') was not only the world's first metro but also the first to have a corporate design, including the Johnston typeface (Edward Johnston 1916), the roundel logo (Frank Pick 191, and the diagrammatic map (Henry C. Beck 1933). This groundbreaking concept is still in use today almost unmodified [ltmuseum.co.uk] and has influenced many other metros. Photo: Notting Hill Gate station on the Circle Line, dating back to 1868.
	There are some examples of interesting station architecture in London outside the city centre. Charles Holden is responsible for the design of fifty underground stations as well as London Transport's headquarters at 55 Broadway [tube.tfl.gov.uk]. For the Piccadilly Line stretch to Cockfosters, Holden developed a modernist approach in the 1930's. The original art deco furnishing of that time is surviving in some of the stations. Photo: Cylindrical entrance building of Southgate station, built in 1933.
	There are works of art in some of London's tube stations [tube.tfl.gov.uk]. The Jubilee Line Extension's spacious stations built in 1999 have been distinctly designed by a couple of famous architects, including Foster & Partners, Ian Ritchie and Michael Hopkins [tube.tfl.gov.uk], [lrb.co.uk], [trainweb.org], [wilson]. Photo: The daylit intermediate concourse of Southwark station (1999) by McCormac Jamieson Prichard architects. More London photos...
	Los Angeles The city allocated 0.5% of subway construction costs to the creation of original art works. More than 250 artists have contributed. There are works of art in all stations of the Red and Purple Lines as well as many other stations [metro.net], [mta.net], [usc.edu]. Photo [Eric Haas, nycsubway.org]: Hollywood/Highland station by Dworsky Associates architects and artist Sheila Klein.
	Hollywood/Vine station on the Red Line features Hollywood's golden history with original theater projectors from the 1930s presented like sculptures. Film reels cover the vaulted ceiling all over. Photo: Hollywood/Vine station from 1999 by artist Gilbert Lujan and architect Adolfo Miralles. More Los Angeles photos...
	Lyon The metro of France's second largest conurbation has some interesting stations. Older ones (the metro opened in 197 are more uniform but on the extension of line B and on the new line D, attention was given to more interesting design and stations have been planned by different architects. Photo [wikimedia.org]: Valmy station from 1997 on the fully automated line D with a platform illuminated from below.
	Madrid Of approximately 300 km of metro lines in Spain's capital, more than 100 km have been built in just a few years around the turn of the millennium. Many of the newer stations and some of the older ones have interesting designs or architecture. Photo [wikimedia.org]: Entrance building of Lago station of 1961.
	Photo [unknown origin, skyscrapercity.com]: Nuevos Ministerios station in Madrid, inaugurated in 2002.
	Minsk Like other metro systems in the former Soviet Union, the stations have been built using exquisite materials and a few are decorated with socialist-style reliefs. Photo [Alexei Bobko, urbanrail.fotopic.net]: Traktorny Zavod station.
	Several of the stations in Minsk seem to have a certain 'light-weight' feel that makes one forget that they are underground. Photo [Alexei Bobko, urbanrail.fotopic.net]: Molodezhnaya station.
	Montreal More than fifty stations are decorated with over hundred works of public art, such as sculptures, stained glass, and murals by noted artists from Québec. The city encourages this since 1967, one year after the opening of the system [stm.info], [metrodemontreal.com]. Photo: Huge sculptures by Germain Bergeron on the concourse level of Monk station on the Green Line. Monk station was opened in 1978.
	Some of Montreal's stations seem to be works of modern art themselves, and many reflect the zeitgeist of the decades they were built in. Photo: Platform level of La Salle station (197 on the Green Line.
	Entrance buildings are often as well designed as the underground parts of the stations [metrodemontreal.com]. Photo: Concourse of Namur from 1984 station on the Orange Line. More Montréal photos...
	Moscow The metro opened in 1935. Many entrance buildings are just as architecturally spectacular as the stations below. Some stations are very deep and have been planned to serve as bomb shelters. Photo [metro.ru]: Entrance building of Arbatskaya station on the first metro stretch from 1935.
	Moscow's metro stations are a heritage of the socialist regime, originally intended to be 'palaces for the people'. With their marble-clad walls, chandelier lighting, and other precious interior, many indeed resemble palaces or cathedrals [metro.ru], [metrowalks.ru], [beeflowers]. Photo [cla.purdue.edu]: Central part of the platform of Komsomolskaya station built in 1952 on the circle line.
	Many sculptures, reliefs and murals are found in the stations [metrosoyuza.net]. Besides Moscow, some other cities of the former Soviet Union have metro stations of similar grandeur. However, the ones in Moscow are the most numerous and the most spectacular. Fortunately, even the new stations opened in the 21st century are of good architectural quality. Photo: The platform of Kropotkinskaya station built in 1935. More Moscow photos...
	Munich This metro system has been opened in 1972 and has spacious and clean stations. The earlier ones are rather minimalistic in design while the later ones got more interesting architectural features and some works of art [muenchnerubahn.de], [oliverbarchewitz.de]. Photo: Dülferstraße station from 1993 by Peter Lanz and Jürgen Rauch.
	Photo: Westfriedhof station from 1998 with its simple concrete walls and its exceptional lighting concept by Ingo Maurer. More Munich photos...
	Naples Line M1 has been turned into "Il Metro dell'Arte" as six stations have been upgraded with a lot of artworks [danpiz.net]. Museo station accommodates an archaeological exhibit of many objects found during metro construction [umuc.edu]. Photo [metro.na.it]: Museo station, opened in 2001.
	There are more interesting stations to follow when line M1 will be extended to finally become a circle line [contexttravel.com], [floornature.com]. Photo: Vanvitelli station, opened in 1993. More Naples photos...
	Newcastle The Tyne and Wear Metro has a very consistently designed guiding system and many works of art in the stations [nexus.org.uk], [newcastle.gov.uk]. Photo [rwa.org.uk]: Interactive sculpture 'Pulse' of the year 2000 by Andrew Stonyer in the atrium of Four Lane Ends station: approaching trains cause the neon light to pulse. More Newcastle photos...
	New York Since the subway system was inaugurated in 1904 by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) it has some interesting station design, above ground as well as below. Photo: Reproduction of a historic stairway entrance kiosk at Brooklyn Bridge/City Hall station. It now houses an elevator to the station concourse.
	NYC's subway became a little neglected in the following decades and earned a reputation of crime and grime. But besides significantly improving all stations, trains, and the safety since the 1980's, MTA started to thoroughly refurbish 15 historic stations to their original appearance, e.g. 33rd Street. Ceramic wall decors and mosaic signs are present in most underground stations and come in a wide variety [Stookey, see Reference]. Photo: Ceramic station name mosaic at the refurbished 33rd Street station.
	MTA's 'Arts for Transit' program, founded in 1985, hosts more than 150 modern works of site-specific public art in stations [tfaoi.com], [nycsubway.org], [mta.info], [steelcase.com (PDF)]. Photo: Some of many humourous bronze sculptures, this is 'Life Underground' by Tom Otterness [tomostudio.com] in 14th Street station installed in 2004.
	Oporto This city in northern Portugal got a light rail system in 2002. At street level, tracks are often embedded in grass. 15 of the 78 stations are underground [mporto.no.sapo.pt]. Photo [Nuno Fonseca, fotopic.net]: Entrance of Pólo Universitário station (2004).
	Underground station architecture, surface-station furniture, signage and typography are quite consistent in their cool minimalistic elegance. Predominant materials are concrete, glass, and steel. Architect of all stations is Eduardo Souto de Moura, a former student of Alvaro Siza. Photo [Paulo, skyscrapercity.com]: Casa da Musica station. More Oporto photos...
	Paris The distinctive, ornate, Art Nouveau metro entrances designed by Hector Guimard are a famous synonym for Paris's metro. Some are lost but 88 of them still exist [parisinconnu.com]. RATP has given reproductions to the subways in Chicago, Lisbon, Mexico City and the MoMA in New York, and an original entrance to Montreal [metrodemontreal.com]. Photo [Daniel Alhadeff]: The entrance at Porte Dauphine station, opened in 1900, is one of the larger ones.
	The elegant metro stations in Paris are mostly column-free vaults with white bevelled tiles that look similar throughout. The system was inaugurated in 1900. Everything has been refurbished for its 100th anniversary. Photo [Mike Nguyen]: Cité station on line 4.
	An enjoyable architecture has also been implemented in Paris's newest RER stations as well as in the stations of the new driverless metro line 14 (Météor). Photo: Magenta RER station with its interesting lighting. More Paris photos...
	Perugia This Italian people mover is called Minimetro and has seven stations. The elegant station buildings have been designed by the world famous French architect Jean Nouvel [minimetrospa.it], [flickr.com]. Photo [Alessio Monini, urbanrail.net]: Entrance structure at Cupa station of 2008, the only underground station in the system.
	Portland MAX light rail in Portland, Oregon, USA, consists of three lines running on streets or on their own right of way. The operators have integrated one or more works of art in almost every station to promote transit usage and community pride [trimet.org]. Photo [trimet.org]: Illuminated metal trees designed by Portland artist Brian Borrello generate their own electricity from solar panels at Interstate/Rose Quarter station (opened 2004) on the Yellow Line.
	Prague Some of the stations seem to be a homage to Victor Vasarely or kinetic artists of the 1970s. There are thousandfold repetitions of glass or aluminium elements with all stations looking different. Photo: Jinonice station, built in 1988 on line B. Walls are covered with tube-shaped glass tiles.
	On line A, which was opened in 1978, station walls are covered with aluminium tiles which come in three versions (convex, concave or flat) and in different shades of colour. The designers thus managed to create a stunning, science-fiction-like appearance. Photo: Flora station built in 1980 on line A. More Prague photos...
	Pyongyang The capital of North Korea has a socialist-style metro with murals and a grand architecture in a few stations [pyongyang-metro.com], [biglobe.ne.jp]. However, only two or three stations are open to tourists. Photo [Wooolf, flickr.com]: Platform level of Puhung station.
	Rhine-Ruhr The unique suspended monorail in the city of Wuppertal runs above the Wupper river and was opened in 1901. Some historic stations have been carefully restored and contrast in a nice way with rebuilt, architecturally interesting stations from the 1990's. Photo: Landgericht station from 1903.
	Rhine-Ruhr area is an agglomeration of about 30 cities in western Germany with some 20 metro-tram lines and 9 S-Bahn lines [jochen-schoenfisch.de]. Photo: The combined metro-tram and bus station Neue Mitte, built in 1996 in the city of Oberhausen, was obviously influenced by deconstructivist architecture.
	There are at least a few remarkable stations in each of the cities of Bochum, Bonn, Cologne, Dortmund, Duesseldorf, Duisburg, Essen, Mulheim, and Wuppertal. Photo: Lohring metro tram station from 2006 in the city of Bochum with a platform made of frosted glass, illuminated from below. More Rhine-Ruhr photos...
	Rio de Janeiro Only few stations in Rio are spectacular, but all are spacious and have little advertising. Many have marble walls and some are architecturally interesting. The metro was inaugurated in 1979. Photo: Cardeal Arcoverde station in Copacabana, built in 2002. More Rio de Janeiro photos...
	Rotterdam This metro was opened in 1968 and has some stations which are as futuristic as the city itself. Some stations contain works of art. Photo [Denis Kabanov, urbanrail.net]: Entrance building of Blaak station (lines A, B, C).
	Other examples of interesting stations are Stadhuis (water flowing along vertical glass panels), Oostplein (glass windows in the floor) and some stations on line D between Marconiplein and Tussenwater [xs4all.nl/~kazil]. Photo: Wilhelminaplein station, built in 1997. More Rotterdam photos...
	Saint Petersburg Outstanding, palace-like stations are found here, similar to those in Moscow [metrowalks.ru], [metrosoyuza.net]. Some of the older metro entrances are elaborate round buildings. Photo [spb.metro.ru]: Entrance building of Ploshchad Vosstaniya station from 1955.
	Most stations in Saint Petersburg are of excellent architectural quality. Dazzling, themed metro stations are on the first metro stretch between Avtovo and Ploshchad Vosstaniya, which opened in 1955. Photo: Platform of Avtovo station with 30 marble columns and 16 glass columns.
	The metro is the world's deepest with an average station being 60 meters below ground. Some stations double as bomb shelters. Photo [metrowalks.ru]: Platform level of Krestovskiy Ostrov station from 1999. More Saint Petersburg photos...
	Santiago Chile's capital has some metro stations with spectacular yet diverse modern architecture. Photo [railway-technology.com]: Mirador station built in 1997.
	There are also lots of works of art in Santiago's metro, like giant murals and sculptures, especially on line 5 [metrosantiago.cl]. Photo [skyscrapercity.com]: Baquedano station holds the 15 m wide sculpture "El Puente" from 1999 by Osvaldo Peña.
	Sao Paulo A diversity of geometrical forms were chosen for the underground stations [metro.sp.gov.br]. There's a collection of contemporary sculptures, installations and large murals in 30 of the 52 stations. Photo [metro.sp.gov.br]: The mezzanine level of Brás station boasts 25 curved steel and polyurethane plates (2.2 m x 1 m each) which form the art installation 'Kaleidoscope' from 1999 by Amélia Toledo. More Sao Paulo photos...
	Shanghai China's President Hu has declared that "Shanghai's Metro system in 2010 will become the biggest moving exhibition in the world" [beijing2008.cn]. Photo: The Bund Sightseeing Tunnel provides a spectacular ride under the river. Here's the view out of the front of one of the automated cabins. More Shanghai photos...
	Singapore The MRT has very clean stations, mostly with simple, modern designs. Newer stations have interesting architecture and works of art. Photo [Calvin Teo, wikipedia.org]: Exterior of Expo station, opened in 2002, on the East-West Line. The station has been designed by Foster and Partners in collaboration with Arup.
	Many stations are intricately landscaped to reflect Singapore's reputation as a Garden City. Some underground stations are decorated with flowering orchids, tropical palms, or shrubs. City Hall and Raffles Place stations are good examples. On the North-East Line, which was inaugurated in 2003, all stations have individual architecture, and works of art have been integrated in every station [app-stg.lta.gov.sg]. Photo [deliarts.net]: Ceramic murals and floor mosaics in the concourse level of Dhoby Ghaut station.
	Stockholm Stockholm's tunnelbana is referred to as the world's longest art gallery because works of art have been integrated in almost every station since the 1950s. SL spends 10 million SEK per year in safeguarding and developing artwork. Photo: Entrance of Odenplan station from 1952.
	Works of art can be found in 90 of the 100 stations. 140 artists have contributed so far. Photo [from SL's free metro art booklet, see Reference]: Platform of T-Centralen station on the Blue Line, designed by Per Olof Ultvedt in 1975.
	Many stations in Stockholm, especially on the Blue Line, have been left as rock caverns, which gives them an outstanding, unique atmosphere. Photo: Rinkeby station, built in 1975 on the Blue Line with gold mosaics, paintings, and sculptures. More Stockholm photos...
	Suzhou Beautiful cities tend to have beautiful subway stations. Well, Suzhou's famous Chinese gardens are part of the World Heritage, and some of Suzhou's metro stations have wall art or other works of art. Photo [Official website, sz-mtr.com]: Suzhou Railway Station on metro line 2 hosts displays of life-size garden scenes.
	Tashkent Tashkent's metro, built in 1977, allegedly as one of the most beautiful in the former Soviet Union, consists of three lines. Leading architects and artists from Uzbekistan took part in creating unique stations, some of them decorated in Islamic designs. Photo [ilkhom.ferghana.ru]: Ceiling of Navoiy station from 1984.
	Enduring materials have been used for Tashkent's station interiors, like engraved metal, glass, granite, marble, or carved alabaster. Each station's design is distinct and devoted to a certain theme. Photo [crafts.freenet.uz]: Mustaqilik Maidoni station from 1977.
	Tehran The clean metro system in the capital of Iran has many stations with an interesting architecture or design. Photo [u-bahn-blog.de]: Entrance of Imam Khomeini station, opened in 2000.
	Works of art have been integrated in many stations [tehranmetro.com], [iranchamber.com] as well as some stunning architectural features. Photo [tehranmetro.com]: Platform level of Mirdamad station from 2002.
	Photo [Hossein Mosavi Faraz, Fars News Agency]: Entrance structure of Vali-E Asr station from 2010.
	Tokyo All stations on Tokyo's Oedo line (opened in 2000) have been created by different well reputed architects, selected through a design competition [g-mark.org], [makoto-architect.com], [jrtr.net (PDF)]. The organic designs on platform and street levels of Iidabashi station are the world's first examples of computer-generated "evolutionary architecture", as architect Makoto Watanabe describes it in his book (see Reference). Photo [gandamu]: Entrance of Iidabashi station.
	Toronto Most stations are looking more or less alike, except for the colour schemes of the wall tiles. But TTC's Art in Architecture Program has integrated a considerable collection of public art into the stations [transit.toronto.on.ca]. Photo [Craig James White, flickr.com]: Dupont station from 1978 on the Yonge-University-Spadina Line.
	Especially the new Sheppard Line has some interesting stations [city.toronto.on.ca]. Furthermore, the Arts on Track Project aims to revitalize a couple of older stations through donations [tcf.ca]. Photo [Craig James White, flickr.com]: One of the many optical illusions by Toronto artist Panya Clark Espinal at Bayview station from 2002 on the Sheppard Line [haha.nu].
	Toulouse All stations have works of arts, mostly on the concourse levels. Photo: Mirail Université station of 1993 on line A with a tall tree-like sculpture and other works of art by Daniel Coulet.
	Stations are spacious and of varied architecture. Photo: Carmes station of 2007 on line B with a huge 'sky' by Jean-Paul Marcheschi. This piece of art is a staggering 14 x 35 m (46 x 115 ft) and curves along the ceiling and wall. More Toulouse photos...
	Valencia This metro in Spain has several very different stations with interesting architecture. Photo [calatrava.com]: Alameda station, designed by the architect Santiago Calatrava.
	Vancouver Vancouver's LRT is called Skytrain as it runs elevated except for four underground stations in downtown. The Millennium Line extension built in 2002 includes a couple of interesting stations which incorporate organic designs, west-coast wood architecture and modern metal-and-glass designs. Photo [archiseek.com]: Brentwood station, designed by Peter Busby and Associates architects.
	Vienna The Art Nouveau Stadtbahn stations have been consistently planned by the renowned architect Otto Wagner and date back as far as 1898 when the city rail system was inaugurated [wiennet.at]. Most stations have been beautifully renovated and integrated into the metro system. Photo [bigfoto.com]: Karlsplatz station pavilion built in 1898.
	Some of Vienna's elegant modern metro stations are decorated with works of art. Photo [hs-st-paul.ksn.at]: Volkstheater station with mosaic friezes by Anton Lehmden.
	Washington The Metrorail system of the US capital has been designed by Harry Weese & Associates to be America's grandest subway and was inaugurated in 1976. The Commission of Fine Arts, which had to approve the station design, favoured the coffered vaults [chnm.gmu.edu], [railwayage.com]. Photo: Capitol South station, built in 1977.
	Works of art can be found in many stations [wmata.com/about/]. All stations above ground in Washington, as well as the underground ones, have been constructed using the same selection of materials consistently throughout the system. A useful feature are the rows of lamps on all platform edges which start flashing when a train approaches. Photo: Arlington Cemetery station from 1977.
	Xi'an Many of Xi'an's newer metro stations are consistently styled with wood-like ceilings and ornamented columns. Every station looks different and has its own pictogram. Photo [ditiezu.com]: Yuxiangmen station from 2013.
	Photo [ditiezu.com]: Banpo station from 2013.
Photos by M. Rohde except where indicated otherwise.

[Пyмяyx**]

Стокгольмский метрополитен

[Белая Хризантема**]

Самые красивые метро в Европе. 1. Москва. 2. Санкт-Петербург 3.Неаполь 4. Стокгольм. 5. Москва. 6. Берлин

[Пyмяyx**]

Так вот куда ведет эта таинственная дверь напротив перрона в метро!



Метрополитен, или, проще говоря, подземка, — это отдельный мир. Жители больших городов знают: там своя атмосфера со своими негласными правилами и кодексом поведения, суть которых порой сложно постигнуть людям из провинциальных городков.
Если тебе приходилось когда-либо бывать в метро, ты, скорее всего, обращал внимание на таинственные двери напротив перронов метро. Каково их предназначение? И куда они вообще ведут? Сегодня редакция «ОФИГЕННО» попробует найти ответ на этот вопрос.
Ты наверняка знаешь, что вдоль стен тоннелей метро в трубах протянуты кабели. Чтобы эти кабели можно было протянуть, для удобства через каждые несколько десятков метров делается разрыв и специальная ниша размером с небольшой шкаф. Возможно, ты слышал, что он так и называется: кабельный шкаф, или кабельный коллектор.

Если тебе, к примеру, нужно будет протянуть новый кабель, ты просто-напросто запихнешь его в свободную трубу и толкнешь его в нужном направлении. Твой помощник словит этот кабель на другом конце трубы и, поймав конец кабеля, вытянет его на себя, затем таким же образом затолкнет его в трубу, ведущую к следующему кабельному шкафу.

Отверстия в трубах размещаются друг от друга на небольшом расстоянии, чтобы было удобно проталкивать кабель. Обычно на одну станцию приходится 2-3 таких шкафчика.



Чтобы кабельные коллекторы вписывались в общий интерьер метрополитена и не отвлекали внимание пассажиров, их закрывают специальными крышками с орнаментом и другого рода украшениями.

Так что если тебя вдруг кто-то спросит, куда ведут эти двери в метро, ты можешь с уверенностью ответить: в кабельные коллекторы. Если эта информация была для тебя полезной, будь другом — поделись этой статьей с приятелями. Спасибо!

[Пyмяyx**]

"Космический ремонт" - марсианских гастербайторов привлекли?